Manually calibrating the HPSim simulator to the LANSCE accelerator is time-intensive and demands substantial domain expertise. In this work, we investigate the use of machine learning (ML) to automate much of the calibration process and substantially reduce tuning time. Specifically, our focus is the calibration of the front-end of the accelerator, which involves obtaining the amplitudes and phases of the pre-buncher, main buncher and tank 1 of the drift tube linac. To get empirical data of the accelerator, we use current-phase curves obtained from absorber/collectors, both with the pre-buncher on and off. We derived features from the curves, such as standard deviation of each or average distance between them, which are then trained on ML models. By combining classical ML methods—gradient-boosted decision trees and random forests—with a state-of-the-art transformer model, we achieve a significant speed-up of the calibration process, from about a month of human expert labor to 2-3 days of mostly computational processing.

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) Drift Tube Linac (DTL) employs iris couplers to efficiently deliver RF power into the accelerating structure. To support the development, tuning, and high-power conditioning of these couplers prior to installation in the actual DTLs, a dedicated test cavity and an iris-to-coaxial transition structure have been designed. This work presents the electromagnetic design, simulation, and optimization of the test setup, enabling precise characterization of the iris coupler’s performance. The transition structure allows for tuning of the iris opening dimensions without requiring a waveguide taper or full-size waveguide transitions, while maintaining impedance matching between the coaxial feed and the iris geometry to minimize reflection and power loss. During low-power tests, the iris opening dimensions can be evaluated using the iris-to-coaxial transition attached to the test cavity. For high-power conditioning, full-size waveguides with ceramic vacuum windows are connected to the test cavity to replicate operational conditions. Key design parameters were optimized using CST Studio Suite, and sensitivity studies were conducted to assess the impact of mechanical tolerances on RF performance. The resulting test platform provides a reliable and efficient means for tuning and validating iris couplers, contributing to improved operational stability and RF efficiency in the SNS DTL.

As part of the LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP), critical portions of the proposed accelerator will be tested as proof of concept and aid in planning the installation of LAMP at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. As part of this demonstration, the radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and the first drift-tube linac (DTL) cavity will be tested with beam. For this purpose, high-power RF amplifiers are being designed to meet the testing demands. This is a description of the requirements of these amplifiers and how the design is intended to meet them.

Since the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) was officially commissioned in 2018, its operational performance has been continuously improved. To date, the beam power has reached 185 kW, which is 85% higher than the design value, with a stable annual beam delivery time of more than 5000 hours and good overall operational reliability. The vacuum system serves as the core support for stable beam transport, mainly consisting of the Linear Accelerator (LINAC), Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS), LowEnergy Beam Transfer Line (LRBT), and HighEnergy Beam Transfer Line (RTBT). In addition, supporting vacuum systems for application beamlines such as APEP and Backn have been developed, with operating vacuum pressures ranging from 10⁻³ Pa to 10⁻⁷ Pa.The firstphase vacuum system is equipped with 294 ion pumps, 64 cold cathode gauges, 12 turbo molecular pumps, and more than 600 vacuum pipelines. After nearly ten years of operation, the vacuum system has remained stable overall; however, typical faults such as DTL leakage, bellows corrosion, vacuum gauge fluctuation, and vacuum chain fracture have occurred. Based on practical operational experience, this paper systematically summarizes fault characteristics, analyzes fault mechanisms, and proposes corresponding countermeasures, providing a reference for the stable operation of vacuum systems in similar accelerators.The CSNSII project was officially launched in 2024 to meet the 500 kW highpower requirement, with a fiveyear construction plan focusing on superconducting cavities, highenergy proton beamlines, and a muon beamline. The vacuum system has been comprehensively upgraded based on the firstphase configuration. Meanwhile, this paper presents the latest development progress of the CSNSII vacuum system.

Traditional phase scans at LANSCE are useful for tuning longitudinal capture but provide only indirect information about the bunch distribution. This work extends a deep neural network-based reconstruction method to the first two modules of the side-coupled cavity linac. Simulated two-dimensional phase scans were generated with HPSim by varying the RF phases of Modules 5 and 6 and recording the transmitted current after the absorber/collector diagnostic. A retrained network reconstructed correlated Gaussian longitudinal phase space distributions from these scans, recovering their approximate size, orientation, and centroid. These results support further development using realistic distributions and measured CCL phase scans.

The LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP) will replace the front-end of the 50-year-old LANSCE accelerator, specifically to maintain beam delivery to all user stations while improving beam availability and reliability. We present an overview of the current LAMP conceptual design, including requirements, beam physics results, design decisions, and key component capabilities.

The LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP) is designing a modernized front-end, up to 100-MeV, for the LANSCE accelerator. The LAMP front-end will replace the two Cockcroft-Waltons with a single Radiofrequency Quadrupole and replace the Drift Tube Linac (DTL) with a modernized version. As part of the Technical Readiness Evaluation there are Critical Technical Elements (CTEs) that need to be addressed for the project to achieve Critical Decision 3. To address these CTEs and as risk mitigation for an accelerator that is in current operation, we plan to assemble LAMP from ion sources through the first DTL Tank, approximately 9-MeV, in an adjacent facility. This paper discusses the current status and future work of this plan: LAT.

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) accelerator delivers different beams to multiple experimental stations simultaneously. These beams have different intensity and time structure. The LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP) seeks to upgrade the technology in the front-end while preserving the unique capabilities of LANSCE. LAMP seeks to replace the two 750-keV Cockroft-Waltons with a single Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), and a new 100-MeV Drift Tank Linac (DTL). Procurements represent a significant portion of the project’s funding and drive schedule decisions. We discuss the process to procure major accelerator components for LAMP and focus on the RFQ and DTL first tank procurements.

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) consists of an 800-MeV dual-species (H+ and H-) accelerator serving five separate user facilities, each of which can concurrently receive unique beam delivery patterns tailored for their specific requirements. The LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP) will replace the front-end of the 50-year-old LANSCE accelerator, from ion sources through the end of the 100-MeV drift-tube linac, with the goals of maintaining beam delivery capabilities to all user stations while improving reliability and supporting increased operating hours. These goals drive requirements for the LAMP upgrade project as a whole, and flow down into performance specifications for individual subsystems down to the component level. We present an overview of the requirements development process for the LAMP project, and the project’s Key Performance Parameters focused on the upgraded portion of the LANSCE accelerator.

The LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP) aims to modernize the existing LANSCE front-end technologies. Two existing 750-keV Cockcroft Waltons are planned to be replaced by a single radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and a new 100 MeV DTL will be installed. The new LAMP front-end is required to deliver beams with similar timing patterns to what is currently delivered to the experimental stations. Using the physics model of the LAMP front-end, we evaluate errors and sensitivities of multiple transport components and study the effect on the beam instensity and timing.

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) accelerator at Los Alamos National Laboratory delivers different beams to multiple experimental stations simultaneously. These beams have different intensity and time structure. The LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP) seeks to upgrade the technology in the front-end while preserving the unique capabilities of LANSCE. LAMP seeks to replace the two 750-keV Cockroft-Waltons with a single RFQ, and a new 100-MeV DTL. New low-energy and medium-energy beam transport lines are necessary to produce the required LANSCE beam patterns. This contribution describes design process and the current state of the LAMP front-end physics model.

Linear Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP) at Los Alamos National Laboratory is under development. One of the significant parts of this project is replacement of the existing 50-years old Drift Tubes Linac (DTL). The perspective DTL will inherit the existing DTL species, namely protons and H- ions, as week as frequency of 201.25 MHz and the output energy of 100 MeV. The input energy of the DTL is determined by the optimization of radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) and medium energy beam transport (MEBT) optimization, and at present defined as 3.0 MeV. Present paper is focused on the most significant details of the modeling and simulation of the proposed DTL.

A 714 MHz proton linac was designed for medical applications. The linac aims for both sychrotrons and S-band linacs. Proton beams can be accelerated to 8 MeV with high transmission.

This work presents a comprehensive study of manufacturing and assembly errors in a 750 MHz Interdigital H-mode Drift Tube Linac (IH-DTL) cavity designed for a compact and efficient ion beam inyector. Operating at such a high RF frequency significantly reduces the cavity dimensions but it also increases the sensitivity to geometric imperfections, posing a substantial technological challenge for manufacturing and assembly. In this study, realistic machining deviations — including drift-tube misalignments, stem eccentricity, profile machining errors, and end-cell distortions — are introduced within typical fabrication tolerances. Three-dimensional electromagnetic simulations quantify the resulting perturbations in the resonant frequency, accelerating fields, and power efficiency. First, the most critical geometric perturbations were identified by means of a single cavity cell model. Then, those errors were implemented in a complete cavity, applied to all cells. The resulting field maps were subsequently imported into multi-particle beam dynamics simulations to evaluate their impact on beam quality, transmission, and emittance growth. The study provides experimental tolerance thresholds and offers guidance for cavity fabrication, quality control, and commissioning strategies for IH-DTL structures.

The Frankfurt Neutron Source (FRANZ) at the Institute for Applied Physics in Frankfurt (IAP) is advancing toward the commissioning of proton beams up to 2 MeV. To support beam tuning behind the RFQ–IH acceleration chain, a dedicated diagnostics section is being installed downstream of the IH structure. The setup focuses on transverse beam characterization using scintillation screens combined with radiation-tolerant camera systems, enabling multi-angle (two-view) imaging of the proton beam under various beam-current and RF settings. Additional instruments include phase probes for energy and RF-phase monitoring, as well as a Faraday cup for current measurements. The camera-based diagnostics are designed to provide reliable visual feedback during early commissioning, particularly in an environment with limited access and the radiation levels typical for this region of the accelerator. This contribution presents the concept, implementation approach, and intended diagnostic capabilities of the camera-driven setup as FRANZ prepares for subsequent steps toward routine 2 MeV operation and the following delivery of the proton beam onto the lithium target for the first neutron production campaigns.

Raspberry Pi cameras (single board CMOS cameras) have already been successfully implemented for ion beam characterization at IAP Frankfurt and are now also being used to investigate multipacting during cavity conditioning. Multipacting appears caused by resonant secondary electron emission. For the standalone rf conditioning of the FRANZ (Frankfurt Neutron Source) RFQ (Radio-Frequency Quadrupole) and the IH-DTL (Interdigital H-mode Drift-Tube-Linac), these cameras were installed both inside and outside the vacuum to detect multipacting and other cavity glowing effects. The occurrence of multipacting at specific power levels within the cavities can be confirmed by simulations. In addition, the observed multipacting is characterized through spectrometer measurements.

A standard Interdigital Drift Tube Linac accelerates particles in a pi-mode cavity using drift tubes suspended alternately from opposite walls. It typically requires external magnetic quadrupoles in a Focusing-Drift-Defocusing-Drift lattice for transverse focusing. The RF-focused DTL innovates by shaping the drift tubes themselves as RF quadrupoles (like a short section of an RFQ). This integrates transverse focusing directly into the accelerating structure, eliminating the need for separate magnetic quadrupoles. This leads to a more compact, mechanically simpler, and potentially cheaper system, ideal for applications like medical isotope accelerators, injectors, or compact neutron sources.

CEA is committed to delivering a LINAC in the frame of the ICONE project, in order to accelerate an 80-mA beam of protons up to 25 MeV, with a duty cycle of 6%. The LINAC project is divided into five workpackages: Source and LEBT, RFQ, MEBT, DTL and HEBT. The initial acceleration and bunching will be provided by a 4-vane RFQ cavity. For the DTL part, two solutions with copper cavities were studied from 3.7 MeV to the final energy: an IH-DTL and an Alvarez DTL LINAC. This talk will present the design of the IH-DTL solution at 352 MHz. Prototypes of certain parts, including a small cavity, and a permanent magnet, are tested in 2025/2026. Results of these tests will be presented.

The Alvarez-type drift-tube LINAC (DTL) at GSI presented here accelerates intense heavy-ion beams with A/q ≤ 8.5 from 1.4 to 11.4 MeV/u. It replaces a DTL being more than 45 years old, in order to satisfy the requirements of future FAIR operation. The 108.408 MHz Alvarez DTL design has been finalized since 2021, and all tank sections for the 55 m long post-stripper injector have been manufactured. Advanced copper-plating procedures had to be developed for the 2 m long and 2 m diameter tank sections as well as for the drift tubes. These two different plating processes are now successfully applied in series production, ensuring uniform layer quality and low RF-critical surface roughness. The first five of 25 tank sections and over 20 drift tubes have been plated to specification, confirming production stability. The first batch of drift tubes with internal pulsed quadrupoles has undergone magnetic acceptance measurements, to confirm compliance with the field-quality and gradient requirements. This contribution reports the current project status, highlights the assembly of the drift tubes and the electrical connection of the internal quadrupoles.

We present results from a 1.4 MeV proton beam test of the first IH-Type linac structure additively manufactured (AM) from pure copper. The cavity has been tested up to 25 kW at a duty cycle of 2 %, which corresponds to a cavity voltage of 1 MV with peak fields at the drift tubes reaching up to 68 MV/m without RF breakdown at full power. A 1.4 MeV proton beam from a Van de Graaff accelerator has been accelerated up to 2.2 MeV, demonstrating the effective acceleration voltage of 0.83 MV at full power. These high power beam tests show performance en par with conventionally manufactured H-mode structures, paving the way for future linac structures benefiting from the advantages of additive manufacturing.

The Frankfurt Neutron Source FRANZ is a compact-accelerator driven neutron source based on the $^7Li(p,n)^7Be$ reaction using a 2 MeV proton beam. Following successful stand-alone RF conditioning of the IH-DTL up to 10 kW cw, the coupled RFQ-IH-DTL cavity was assembled, tuned and conditioned up to 200 kW. First beam experiments have been performed, demonstrating proton acceleration to 2 MeV. We report on the high-power conditioning, coupling and llrf tuning procedure, as well as initial beam commissioning results.